{"id":1719,"date":"2022-09-02T13:05:52","date_gmt":"2022-09-02T13:05:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/research.dental.uw.edu\/derouencenter\/?p=1719"},"modified":"2022-09-02T13:19:48","modified_gmt":"2022-09-02T13:19:48","slug":"polymorphisms-and-oral-diseases-in-thailand","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/research.dental.uw.edu\/derouencenter\/polymorphisms-and-oral-diseases-in-thailand\/","title":{"rendered":"Polymorphisms and oral diseases in Thailand"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>The taste buds in our tongues contain receptor cells that detect food particles dissolved in saliva.\u00a0 G-protein coupled receptors on the surface of those receptor cells have been identified that respond to sweet, savory, or bitter tasting chemicals.\u00a0 Twenty-five different G-protein coupled bitter taste receptors have been identified in humans.\u00a0 When these bitter receptors are activated on the tongue, we sense a bitter taste that promotes rejection of the food we are eating.\u00a0 It turns out that bitter taste receptors are not just in the taste buds of the tongue, however.\u00a0 Bitter taste receptors are also found in the epithelium of the nasal cavity, trachea, gut, urethra and other tissues.\u00a0 The bitter taste receptors in tissues outside the taste buds do not play a role in taste perception.\u00a0 Instead, these receptors detect chemicals released by pathogens.\u00a0 Activation of the bitter receptors in these other tissues trigger host-defense and immune responses that help protect against disease.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-1829\" src=\"https:\/\/research.dental.uw.edu\/derouencenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2022\/09\/BMC-Oral-Health-Logo-2-300x192.jpg\" alt=\"BMC Logo\" width=\"300\" height=\"192\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.dental.uw.edu\/derouencenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2022\/09\/BMC-Oral-Health-Logo-2-300x192.jpg 300w, https:\/\/research.dental.uw.edu\/derouencenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2022\/09\/BMC-Oral-Health-Logo-2-375x240.jpg 375w, https:\/\/research.dental.uw.edu\/derouencenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2022\/09\/BMC-Oral-Health-Logo-2.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>At the University of Washington, we identified one type of bitter taste receptor (T2R38) in gingival epithelial cells of the gums.\u00a0 There are three important single nucleotide polymorphisms (genetic differences) in the TAS2R38 bitter taste receptor gene, which codes for the T2R38 receptor.\u00a0 These polymorphisms result in two common genetic haplotypes, which are labeled PAV (Proline, Alanine, Valine) and AVI (Alanine, Valine, Isoleucine) based on the amino acid substitutions that result at positions 49, 262, and 296 of the receptor.\u00a0 People inherit two haplotypes, one from their father and the other from their mother, resulting in a genetic diplotype.\u00a0 People who have PAV\/PAV or PAV\/AVI genetic diplotypes perceive thiourea-containing compounds as bitter tasting, whereas those with the AVI\/AVI genotype find these compounds to be almost taste-less.\u00a0 In our work at University of Washington, we found that gingival epithelial cells with PAV\/PAV and AVI\/AVI diplotypes responded differently to the bacteria involved in dental caries and periodontal disease.\u00a0 Gingival epithelial cells with PAV\/PAV genotype responded more to S. mutans (a pathogen involved in caries), whereas gingival epithelial cells with the AVI\/AVI genotype responded more to P. gingivalis (a pathogen involved in periodontal disease).<\/p>\n<p>Previous studies have shown a protective effect against caries for those with the PAV haplotype of TAS2R38.\u00a0 The previous laboratory work at University of Washington led us to believe that the AVI haplotype might be protective against periodontal disease.\u00a0 We conducted a cross-sectional study at Khon Kaen University in Thailand to learn more about genetic differences in the T2R38 bitter taste receptor among Thai people.\u00a0 We also examined the association of genetic differences with measures of caries (decayed-missing-filled teeth) and periodontal disease (defined as one site with probing depth greater than 5 mm).\u00a0 In the study, we genotyped 250 patients seeking care at Khon Kaen University Dental Hospital.\u00a0 Of those patients, 46% were PAV\/PAV genotype, 42% were PAV\/AVI, and 12% were AVI\/AVI.\u00a0 These distributions are similar to that seen in other studies of Asian populations.\u00a0 As we expected based on the prior laboratory work at University of Washington, those patients with an AVI haplotype had less periodontal disease than those with the PAV\/PAV genotype.\u00a0 However, trends for differences in decayed-missing-filled teeth did not reach statistical significance in our study.\u00a0 This study provides evidence of the importance of the T2R38 bitter taste receptor in maintaining oral health.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The taste buds in our tongues contain receptor cells that detect food particles dissolved in saliva.\u00a0 G-protein coupled receptors on the surface of those receptor cells have been identified that respond to sweet, savory, or bitter tasting chemicals.\u00a0 Twenty-five different G-protein coupled bitter taste receptors have been identified in humans.\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1829,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1719","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Polymorphisms and oral diseases in Thailand - DeRouen 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